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| Reuters / Michael Fiala |
Monsanto’s Roundup Ready system – a potent herbicide combined with
genetically-modified seeds that can withstand it – has decimated the
monarch butterfly’s only source of food in the Midwest, putting it on
the edge of extinction, according to a new study.
Biotechnology conglomerate Monsanto’s glyphosate-based Roundup
has become the most common herbicide in American agriculture
today, used in tandem with the company’s genetically-engineered
Roundup Ready crops.
Since its heavy proliferation began in the 1990s, glyphosate has
been a leading killer of 99 percent of milkweed in the Midwest’s
corn and soybean fields. Glyphosate-sensitive milkweed plants are
the only spots where monarchs lay eggs, as the plant is the only
food source for monarch larvae.
According to the Center for Food Safety’s new report,
“Monarchs
in Peril: Herbicide-Resistant Crops and the Decline of Monarch
Butterflies in North America,” these conditions have
contributed to a drastic
90-percent drop in population for
monarchs in their main habitat, crop fields in the Midwest.
“This report is a wake-up call. This iconic species is on the
verge of extinction because of Monsanto's Roundup Ready crop
system,” said Andrew Kimbrell, executive director for the
Center for Food Safety.
“To let the monarch butterfly die out in order to allow
Monsanto to sell its signature herbicide for a few more years is
simply shameful.”
As Monsanto is on the precipice of receiving US government
approval for its
next
generation of the Roundup Ready system, the report raises the
question of how much longer will the monarch survive?
“Milkweed growing in Midwest cropland is essential to the
monarch’s continued survival. Without milkweed, we'll have no
monarchs,” said Dr. Martha Crouch, a biologist for the
Center for Food Safety and a co-author of the report.
“Very few of us fully understand the ecological impacts of
our food system, but we need to pay attention. The decline of the
monarch is a stark reminder that the way we farm matters.”
The Center for Food Safety
said it was presenting the new report
“to Congress today
at an expert briefing on the decline of monarchs.”
In
December, the US Fish and Wildlife Service said it may
designate the monarch as a threatened species under the US
Endangered Species Act. The agency review comes in response to a
petition from the Center for Biological Diversity, the Center
for Food Safety, and the Xerces Society for Invertebrate
Conservation to list the subspecies of monarch (Danaus plexippus
plexippus).
Disregarding their natural beauty, monarch butterflies play an
important role in ecology. They carry pollen from plant to plant,
helping fruits and flowers to produce new seeds. In their
caterpillar stage, they are a food source for birds, mammals, and
other insects.
While milkweed can grow away from main cropland, there is an
increasingly low amount of habitat that can support monarchs.
Herbicide spraying over corn and soybeans fields that dominate
the Midwestern Corn Belt leave monarchs to search for milkweed in
other areas like roadsides and pastures, according to the report.
Monarchs also produce four times more eggs per plant on milkweed
growing in a crop field as opposed to milkweed sprouting
elsewhere, the Center for Food Safety claimed.
Monarchs are also threatened by global climate change, drought
and heat waves, other pesticides, urban sprawl, and logging on
their Mexican wintering grounds. Scientists have predicted that
the monarch's entire winter range in Mexico and large parts of
its summer range in the states could become unsuitable due to
these threats.
The report said that as monarch population sinks, they will
likely become more susceptible to remarkable weather events.
The Center for Food Safety listed a host of policy
recommendations in the report, including that the US Department
of Agriculture should
“reject applications to approve new
herbicide-resistant crops, and [US Environmental Protection
Agency] should deny registrations of herbicides for use on them,
unless or until appropriate restrictions are enacted to
ameliorate their harms to milkweeds, monarchs and
pollinators.”
“Glyphosate is the monarch’s enemy number one. To save this
remarkable species, we must quickly boost milkweed populations
and curtail the use of herbicide-resistant crop systems,”
said Bill Freese, a co-author of the report.
As RT
reported
last month, the Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service approved Monsanto’s new GMO cotton and
soybean plants. The company now awaits approval from the
Environmental Protection Agency for it latest herbicide – a mix
of the formidable chemical dicamba and glyphosate, which the
company has developed for use on the newly-approved GMO crops.
The new GMO crops – coupled with the dicamba/glyphosate cocktail
– make up what Monsanto has dubbed the 'Roundup Ready Xtend crop
system,' designed to trump super weeds that have evolved along
with its Roundup biocide.
For its part, Monsanto says it is seeking alternatives for the
monarch.
"At Monsanto, we’re committed to doing our part to protect
these amazing butterflies. That’s why we are collaborating with
experts from universities, nonprofits, and government agencies to
help the monarch by restoring their habitat in Crop Reserve
Program land, on-farm buffer strips, roadsides, utility rights-of
way and government-owned land."